The standard ACM sensor relies on a miniature galvanic cell couple, typically consisting of a carbon steel base plate (anode) and an insulated noble metal electrode like silver (cathode) placed closely together.

The application of ER is described in ASTM Standard G96. Its principle is simple and efficient: the electronic unit measures and records the change in resistance of fine metal wires coated on an insulating substrate over time. 

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for investigating a system's complex impedance; it is highly sensitive to changes in both surface phenomena and bulk material properties.

 Vaccum test of condenseror heat exchanger which is to verify the tightness of tube and tube plate connection.This procedure references the ASME VIII.1, ASME BPVC.V-2023 ATICLE 10 and client specification DQ001603 Vaccum test

Insulation leak detection(TDR) :The surveillance system is designed with a set of embedded alarm wires (2 pcs. wires of 1.5 mm2 copper, of which one wire is tinned), placed in the same distance to the service pipe

CUI mitigation: remove water and moisture from insulation system

CP isolation:  A shorted isolation device can connect unintended structures and change CP system performance